[PATCH v4 4/6] drm/amdgpu: switch to amdgpu_bo_vm for vm code

Nirmoy Das nirmoy.das at amd.com
Fri May 28 10:56:21 UTC 2021


The subclass, amdgpu_bo_vm is intended for PT/PD BOs which are also
shadowed, so switch to amdgpu_bo_vm BO for PT/PD BOs.

v4: update amdgpu_vm_update_funcs to accept amdgpu_bo_vm.
v3: simplify code.
    check also if shadow bo exist instead of checking bo only type.
v2: squash three related patches.

Signed-off-by: Nirmoy Das <nirmoy.das at amd.com>
---
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.c      | 123 ++++++++++++--------
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.h      |   5 +-
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_cpu.c  |  14 +--
 drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_sdma.c |  19 +--
 4 files changed, 96 insertions(+), 65 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.c
index 6bc7566cc193..223c63342ecd 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.c
@@ -652,15 +652,15 @@ void amdgpu_vm_move_to_lru_tail(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 	spin_lock(&adev->mman.bdev.lru_lock);
 	list_for_each_entry(bo_base, &vm->idle, vm_status) {
 		struct amdgpu_bo *bo = bo_base->bo;
+		struct amdgpu_bo *shadow = amdgpu_bo_shadowed(bo);

 		if (!bo->parent)
 			continue;

 		ttm_bo_move_to_lru_tail(&bo->tbo, &bo->tbo.mem,
 					&vm->lru_bulk_move);
-		if (bo->shadow)
-			ttm_bo_move_to_lru_tail(&bo->shadow->tbo,
-						&bo->shadow->tbo.mem,
+		if (shadow)
+			ttm_bo_move_to_lru_tail(&shadow->tbo, &shadow->tbo.mem,
 						&vm->lru_bulk_move);
 	}
 	spin_unlock(&adev->mman.bdev.lru_lock);
@@ -692,12 +692,13 @@ int amdgpu_vm_validate_pt_bos(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm,

 	list_for_each_entry_safe(bo_base, tmp, &vm->evicted, vm_status) {
 		struct amdgpu_bo *bo = bo_base->bo;
+		struct amdgpu_bo *shadow = amdgpu_bo_shadowed(bo);

 		r = validate(param, bo);
 		if (r)
 			return r;
-		if (bo->shadow) {
-			r = validate(param, bo->shadow);
+		if (shadow) {
+			r = validate(param, shadow);
 			if (r)
 				return r;
 		}
@@ -705,7 +706,7 @@ int amdgpu_vm_validate_pt_bos(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm,
 		if (bo->tbo.type != ttm_bo_type_kernel) {
 			amdgpu_vm_bo_moved(bo_base);
 		} else {
-			vm->update_funcs->map_table(bo);
+			vm->update_funcs->map_table(to_amdgpu_bo_vm(bo));
 			amdgpu_vm_bo_relocated(bo_base);
 		}
 	}
@@ -737,7 +738,7 @@ bool amdgpu_vm_ready(struct amdgpu_vm *vm)
  *
  * @adev: amdgpu_device pointer
  * @vm: VM to clear BO from
- * @bo: BO to clear
+ * @vmbo: BO to clear
  * @immediate: use an immediate update
  *
  * Root PD needs to be reserved when calling this.
@@ -747,13 +748,14 @@ bool amdgpu_vm_ready(struct amdgpu_vm *vm)
  */
 static int amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 			      struct amdgpu_vm *vm,
-			      struct amdgpu_bo *bo,
+			      struct amdgpu_bo_vm *vmbo,
 			      bool immediate)
 {
 	struct ttm_operation_ctx ctx = { true, false };
 	unsigned level = adev->vm_manager.root_level;
 	struct amdgpu_vm_update_params params;
-	struct amdgpu_bo *ancestor = bo;
+	struct amdgpu_bo *ancestor = &vmbo->bo;
+	struct amdgpu_bo *bo = &vmbo->bo;
 	unsigned entries, ats_entries;
 	uint64_t addr;
 	int r;
@@ -793,14 +795,15 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 	if (r)
 		return r;

-	if (bo->shadow) {
-		r = ttm_bo_validate(&bo->shadow->tbo, &bo->shadow->placement,
-				    &ctx);
+	if (vmbo->shadow) {
+		struct amdgpu_bo *shadow = vmbo->shadow;
+
+		r = ttm_bo_validate(&shadow->tbo, &shadow->placement, &ctx);
 		if (r)
 			return r;
 	}

-	r = vm->update_funcs->map_table(bo);
+	r = vm->update_funcs->map_table(vmbo);
 	if (r)
 		return r;

@@ -824,7 +827,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 			amdgpu_gmc_get_vm_pde(adev, level, &value, &flags);
 		}

-		r = vm->update_funcs->update(&params, bo, addr, 0, ats_entries,
+		r = vm->update_funcs->update(&params, vmbo, addr, 0, ats_entries,
 					     value, flags);
 		if (r)
 			return r;
@@ -847,7 +850,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 			}
 		}

-		r = vm->update_funcs->update(&params, bo, addr, 0, entries,
+		r = vm->update_funcs->update(&params, vmbo, addr, 0, entries,
 					     value, flags);
 		if (r)
 			return r;
@@ -863,14 +866,16 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
  * @vm: requesting vm
  * @level: the page table level
  * @immediate: use a immediate update
- * @bo: pointer to the buffer object pointer
+ * @vmbo: pointer to the buffer object pointer
  */
 static int amdgpu_vm_pt_create(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 			       struct amdgpu_vm *vm,
 			       int level, bool immediate,
-			       struct amdgpu_bo **bo)
+			       struct amdgpu_bo_vm **vmbo)
 {
 	struct amdgpu_bo_param bp;
+	struct amdgpu_bo *bo;
+	struct dma_resv *resv;
 	int r;

 	memset(&bp, 0, sizeof(bp));
@@ -881,7 +886,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_pt_create(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 	bp.domain = amdgpu_bo_get_preferred_pin_domain(adev, bp.domain);
 	bp.flags = AMDGPU_GEM_CREATE_VRAM_CONTIGUOUS |
 		AMDGPU_GEM_CREATE_CPU_GTT_USWC;
-	bp.bo_ptr_size = sizeof(struct amdgpu_bo);
+	bp.bo_ptr_size = sizeof(struct amdgpu_bo_vm);
 	if (vm->use_cpu_for_update)
 		bp.flags |= AMDGPU_GEM_CREATE_CPU_ACCESS_REQUIRED;

@@ -890,26 +895,41 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_pt_create(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 	if (vm->root.base.bo)
 		bp.resv = vm->root.base.bo->tbo.base.resv;

-	r = amdgpu_bo_create(adev, &bp, bo);
+	r = amdgpu_bo_create_vm(adev, &bp, vmbo);
 	if (r)
 		return r;

-	if (vm->is_compute_context && (adev->flags & AMD_IS_APU))
+	bo = &(*vmbo)->bo;
+	if (vm->is_compute_context && (adev->flags & AMD_IS_APU)) {
+		(*vmbo)->shadow = NULL;
 		return 0;
+	}

 	if (!bp.resv)
-		WARN_ON(dma_resv_lock((*bo)->tbo.base.resv,
+		WARN_ON(dma_resv_lock(bo->tbo.base.resv,
 				      NULL));
-	r = amdgpu_bo_create_shadow(adev, bp.size, *bo);
+	resv = bp.resv;
+	memset(&bp, 0, sizeof(bp));
+	bp.size = amdgpu_vm_bo_size(adev, level);
+	bp.domain = AMDGPU_GEM_DOMAIN_GTT;
+	bp.flags = AMDGPU_GEM_CREATE_CPU_GTT_USWC;
+	bp.type = ttm_bo_type_kernel;
+	bp.resv = bo->tbo.base.resv;
+	bp.bo_ptr_size = sizeof(struct amdgpu_bo);

-	if (!bp.resv)
-		dma_resv_unlock((*bo)->tbo.base.resv);
+	r = amdgpu_bo_create(adev, &bp, &(*vmbo)->shadow);
+
+	if (!resv)
+		dma_resv_unlock(bo->tbo.base.resv);

 	if (r) {
-		amdgpu_bo_unref(bo);
+		amdgpu_bo_unref(&bo);
 		return r;
 	}

+	(*vmbo)->shadow->parent = amdgpu_bo_ref(bo);
+	amdgpu_bo_add_to_shadow_list((*vmbo)->shadow);
+
 	return 0;
 }

@@ -933,7 +953,8 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_alloc_pts(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 			       bool immediate)
 {
 	struct amdgpu_vm_pt *entry = cursor->entry;
-	struct amdgpu_bo *pt;
+	struct amdgpu_bo *pt_bo;
+	struct amdgpu_bo_vm *pt;
 	int r;

 	if (cursor->level < AMDGPU_VM_PTB && !entry->entries) {
@@ -957,8 +978,9 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_alloc_pts(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 	/* Keep a reference to the root directory to avoid
 	 * freeing them up in the wrong order.
 	 */
-	pt->parent = amdgpu_bo_ref(cursor->parent->base.bo);
-	amdgpu_vm_bo_base_init(&entry->base, vm, pt);
+	pt_bo = &pt->bo;
+	pt_bo->parent = amdgpu_bo_ref(cursor->parent->base.bo);
+	amdgpu_vm_bo_base_init(&entry->base, vm, pt_bo);

 	r = amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(adev, vm, pt, immediate);
 	if (r)
@@ -968,7 +990,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_alloc_pts(struct amdgpu_device *adev,

 error_free_pt:
 	amdgpu_bo_unref(&pt->shadow);
-	amdgpu_bo_unref(&pt);
+	amdgpu_bo_unref(&pt_bo);
 	return r;
 }

@@ -979,10 +1001,13 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_alloc_pts(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
  */
 static void amdgpu_vm_free_table(struct amdgpu_vm_pt *entry)
 {
+	struct amdgpu_bo *shadow;
+
 	if (entry->base.bo) {
+		shadow = amdgpu_bo_shadowed(entry->base.bo);
 		entry->base.bo->vm_bo = NULL;
 		list_del(&entry->base.vm_status);
-		amdgpu_bo_unref(&entry->base.bo->shadow);
+		amdgpu_bo_unref(&shadow);
 		amdgpu_bo_unref(&entry->base.bo);
 	}
 	kvfree(entry->entries);
@@ -1284,7 +1309,8 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_update_pde(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *params,
 	level += params->adev->vm_manager.root_level;
 	amdgpu_gmc_get_pde_for_bo(entry->base.bo, level, &pt, &flags);
 	pde = (entry - parent->entries) * 8;
-	return vm->update_funcs->update(params, bo, pde, pt, 1, 0, flags);
+	return vm->update_funcs->update(params, to_amdgpu_bo_vm(bo), pde, pt,
+					1, 0, flags);
 }

 /**
@@ -1364,9 +1390,9 @@ int amdgpu_vm_update_pdes(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
  * Make sure to set the right flags for the PTEs at the desired level.
  */
 static void amdgpu_vm_update_flags(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *params,
-				   struct amdgpu_bo *bo, unsigned level,
+				   struct amdgpu_bo_vm *pt, unsigned int level,
 				   uint64_t pe, uint64_t addr,
-				   unsigned count, uint32_t incr,
+				   unsigned int count, uint32_t incr,
 				   uint64_t flags)

 {
@@ -1382,7 +1408,7 @@ static void amdgpu_vm_update_flags(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *params,
 		flags |= AMDGPU_PTE_EXECUTABLE;
 	}

-	params->vm->update_funcs->update(params, bo, pe, addr, count, incr,
+	params->vm->update_funcs->update(params, pt, pe, addr, count, incr,
 					 flags);
 }

@@ -1562,9 +1588,9 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_update_ptes(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *params,
 						    nptes, dst, incr, upd_flags,
 						    vm->task_info.pid,
 						    vm->immediate.fence_context);
-			amdgpu_vm_update_flags(params, pt, cursor.level,
-					       pe_start, dst, nptes, incr,
-					       upd_flags);
+			amdgpu_vm_update_flags(params, to_amdgpu_bo_vm(pt),
+					       cursor.level, pe_start, dst,
+					       nptes, incr, upd_flags);

 			pe_start += nptes * 8;
 			dst += nptes * incr;
@@ -2674,7 +2700,7 @@ void amdgpu_vm_bo_invalidate(struct amdgpu_device *adev,
 	struct amdgpu_vm_bo_base *bo_base;

 	/* shadow bo doesn't have bo base, its validation needs its parent */
-	if (bo->parent && bo->parent->shadow == bo)
+	if (bo->parent && (amdgpu_bo_shadowed(bo->parent) == bo))
 		bo = bo->parent;

 	for (bo_base = bo->vm_bo; bo_base; bo_base = bo_base->next) {
@@ -2843,7 +2869,8 @@ long amdgpu_vm_wait_idle(struct amdgpu_vm *vm, long timeout)
  */
 int amdgpu_vm_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm, u32 pasid)
 {
-	struct amdgpu_bo *root;
+	struct amdgpu_bo *root_bo;
+	struct amdgpu_bo_vm *root;
 	int r, i;

 	vm->va = RB_ROOT_CACHED;
@@ -2897,16 +2924,16 @@ int amdgpu_vm_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm, u32 pasid)
 				false, &root);
 	if (r)
 		goto error_free_delayed;
-
-	r = amdgpu_bo_reserve(root, true);
+	root_bo = &root->bo;
+	r = amdgpu_bo_reserve(root_bo, true);
 	if (r)
 		goto error_free_root;

-	r = dma_resv_reserve_shared(root->tbo.base.resv, 1);
+	r = dma_resv_reserve_shared(root_bo->tbo.base.resv, 1);
 	if (r)
 		goto error_unreserve;

-	amdgpu_vm_bo_base_init(&vm->root.base, vm, root);
+	amdgpu_vm_bo_base_init(&vm->root.base, vm, root_bo);

 	r = amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(adev, vm, root, false);
 	if (r)
@@ -2935,8 +2962,8 @@ int amdgpu_vm_init(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm, u32 pasid)
 	amdgpu_bo_unreserve(vm->root.base.bo);

 error_free_root:
-	amdgpu_bo_unref(&vm->root.base.bo->shadow);
-	amdgpu_bo_unref(&vm->root.base.bo);
+	amdgpu_bo_unref(&root->shadow);
+	amdgpu_bo_unref(&root_bo);
 	vm->root.base.bo = NULL;

 error_free_delayed:
@@ -3034,7 +3061,9 @@ int amdgpu_vm_make_compute(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm,
 	 */
 	if (pte_support_ats != vm->pte_support_ats) {
 		vm->pte_support_ats = pte_support_ats;
-		r = amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(adev, vm, vm->root.base.bo, false);
+		r = amdgpu_vm_clear_bo(adev, vm,
+				       to_amdgpu_bo_vm(vm->root.base.bo),
+				       false);
 		if (r)
 			goto free_idr;
 	}
@@ -3078,7 +3107,7 @@ int amdgpu_vm_make_compute(struct amdgpu_device *adev, struct amdgpu_vm *vm,
 	}

 	/* Free the shadow bo for compute VM */
-	amdgpu_bo_unref(&vm->root.base.bo->shadow);
+	amdgpu_bo_unref(&to_amdgpu_bo_vm(vm->root.base.bo)->shadow);

 	if (pasid)
 		vm->pasid = pasid;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.h b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.h
index 39d60e3c4e32..bee439dd673a 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.h
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm.h
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@
 struct amdgpu_bo_va;
 struct amdgpu_job;
 struct amdgpu_bo_list_entry;
+struct amdgpu_bo_vm;

 /*
  * GPUVM handling
@@ -239,11 +240,11 @@ struct amdgpu_vm_update_params {
 };

 struct amdgpu_vm_update_funcs {
-	int (*map_table)(struct amdgpu_bo *bo);
+	int (*map_table)(struct amdgpu_bo_vm *bo);
 	int (*prepare)(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p, struct dma_resv *resv,
 		       enum amdgpu_sync_mode sync_mode);
 	int (*update)(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
-		      struct amdgpu_bo *bo, uint64_t pe, uint64_t addr,
+		      struct amdgpu_bo_vm *bo, uint64_t pe, uint64_t addr,
 		      unsigned count, uint32_t incr, uint64_t flags);
 	int (*commit)(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
 		      struct dma_fence **fence);
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_cpu.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_cpu.c
index ac45d9c7a4e9..03a44be50dd7 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_cpu.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_cpu.c
@@ -29,9 +29,9 @@
  *
  * @table: newly allocated or validated PD/PT
  */
-static int amdgpu_vm_cpu_map_table(struct amdgpu_bo *table)
+static int amdgpu_vm_cpu_map_table(struct amdgpu_bo_vm *table)
 {
-	return amdgpu_bo_kmap(table, NULL);
+	return amdgpu_bo_kmap(&table->bo, NULL);
 }

 /**
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_cpu_prepare(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
  * amdgpu_vm_cpu_update - helper to update page tables via CPU
  *
  * @p: see amdgpu_vm_update_params definition
- * @bo: PD/PT to update
+ * @vmbo: PD/PT to update
  * @pe: byte offset of the PDE/PTE, relative to start of PDB/PTB
  * @addr: dst addr to write into pe
  * @count: number of page entries to update
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_cpu_prepare(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
  * Write count number of PT/PD entries directly.
  */
 static int amdgpu_vm_cpu_update(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
-				struct amdgpu_bo *bo, uint64_t pe,
+				struct amdgpu_bo_vm *vmbo, uint64_t pe,
 				uint64_t addr, unsigned count, uint32_t incr,
 				uint64_t flags)
 {
@@ -76,13 +76,13 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_cpu_update(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
 	uint64_t value;
 	int r;

-	if (bo->tbo.moving) {
-		r = dma_fence_wait(bo->tbo.moving, true);
+	if (vmbo->bo.tbo.moving) {
+		r = dma_fence_wait(vmbo->bo.tbo.moving, true);
 		if (r)
 			return r;
 	}

-	pe += (unsigned long)amdgpu_bo_kptr(bo);
+	pe += (unsigned long)amdgpu_bo_kptr(&vmbo->bo);

 	trace_amdgpu_vm_set_ptes(pe, addr, count, incr, flags, p->immediate);

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_sdma.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_sdma.c
index a83a646759c5..422958152c2b 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_sdma.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/amd/amdgpu/amdgpu_vm_sdma.c
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@
  *
  * @table: newly allocated or validated PD/PT
  */
-static int amdgpu_vm_sdma_map_table(struct amdgpu_bo *table)
+static int amdgpu_vm_sdma_map_table(struct amdgpu_bo_vm *table)
 {
 	int r;

-	r = amdgpu_ttm_alloc_gart(&table->tbo);
+	r = amdgpu_ttm_alloc_gart(&table->bo.tbo);
 	if (r)
 		return r;

@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ static void amdgpu_vm_sdma_set_ptes(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
  * amdgpu_vm_sdma_update - execute VM update
  *
  * @p: see amdgpu_vm_update_params definition
- * @bo: PD/PT to update
+ * @vmbo: PD/PT to update
  * @pe: byte offset of the PDE/PTE, relative to start of PDB/PTB
  * @addr: dst addr to write into pe
  * @count: number of page entries to update
@@ -197,10 +197,11 @@ static void amdgpu_vm_sdma_set_ptes(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
  * the IB.
  */
 static int amdgpu_vm_sdma_update(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
-				 struct amdgpu_bo *bo, uint64_t pe,
+				 struct amdgpu_bo_vm *vmbo, uint64_t pe,
 				 uint64_t addr, unsigned count, uint32_t incr,
 				 uint64_t flags)
 {
+	struct amdgpu_bo *bo = &vmbo->bo;
 	enum amdgpu_ib_pool_type pool = p->immediate ? AMDGPU_IB_POOL_IMMEDIATE
 		: AMDGPU_IB_POOL_DELAYED;
 	unsigned int i, ndw, nptes;
@@ -238,8 +239,8 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_sdma_update(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,

 		if (!p->pages_addr) {
 			/* set page commands needed */
-			if (bo->shadow)
-				amdgpu_vm_sdma_set_ptes(p, bo->shadow, pe, addr,
+			if (vmbo->shadow)
+				amdgpu_vm_sdma_set_ptes(p, vmbo->shadow, pe, addr,
 							count, incr, flags);
 			amdgpu_vm_sdma_set_ptes(p, bo, pe, addr, count,
 						incr, flags);
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_sdma_update(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,

 		/* copy commands needed */
 		ndw -= p->adev->vm_manager.vm_pte_funcs->copy_pte_num_dw *
-			(bo->shadow ? 2 : 1);
+			(vmbo->shadow ? 2 : 1);

 		/* for padding */
 		ndw -= 7;
@@ -263,8 +264,8 @@ static int amdgpu_vm_sdma_update(struct amdgpu_vm_update_params *p,
 			pte[i] |= flags;
 		}

-		if (bo->shadow)
-			amdgpu_vm_sdma_copy_ptes(p, bo->shadow, pe, nptes);
+		if (vmbo->shadow)
+			amdgpu_vm_sdma_copy_ptes(p, vmbo->shadow, pe, nptes);
 		amdgpu_vm_sdma_copy_ptes(p, bo, pe, nptes);

 		pe += nptes * 8;
--
2.31.1



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