[systemd-commits] 3 commits - fixme src/dbus-automount.c src/dbus-automount.h src/dbus.c src/dbus-device.c src/dbus-device.h src/dbus.h src/dbus-job.c src/dbus-manager.c src/dbus-mount.c src/dbus-mount.h src/dbus-path.c src/dbus-path.h src/dbus-service.c src/dbus-service.h src/dbus-snapshot.c src/dbus-snapshot.h src/dbus-socket.c src/dbus-socket.h src/dbus-swap.c src/dbus-swap.h src/dbus-target.c src/dbus-target.h src/dbus-timer.c src/dbus-timer.h src/dbus-unit.c src/install.c src/load-fragment.c src/main.c src/manager.c src/manager.h src/mount.c src/path-lookup.c src/service.c src/service.h src/socket.c src/socket.h src/swap.c src/systemctl.c src/test-engine.c src/unit.c src/unit.h

Lennart Poettering lennart at kemper.freedesktop.org
Fri Jun 18 19:25:55 PDT 2010


 fixme                |    8 -
 src/dbus-automount.c |    4 
 src/dbus-automount.h |    2 
 src/dbus-device.c    |    4 
 src/dbus-device.h    |    2 
 src/dbus-job.c       |   17 +-
 src/dbus-manager.c   |   42 ++---
 src/dbus-mount.c     |    4 
 src/dbus-mount.h     |    2 
 src/dbus-path.c      |    4 
 src/dbus-path.h      |    2 
 src/dbus-service.c   |    4 
 src/dbus-service.h   |    2 
 src/dbus-snapshot.c  |    6 
 src/dbus-snapshot.h  |    2 
 src/dbus-socket.c    |    4 
 src/dbus-socket.h    |    2 
 src/dbus-swap.c      |    4 
 src/dbus-swap.h      |    2 
 src/dbus-target.c    |    4 
 src/dbus-target.h    |    2 
 src/dbus-timer.c     |    4 
 src/dbus-timer.h     |    2 
 src/dbus-unit.c      |   24 +--
 src/dbus.c           |  371 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
 src/dbus.h           |   11 -
 src/install.c        |    2 
 src/load-fragment.c  |    1 
 src/main.c           |   16 +-
 src/manager.c        |   24 +--
 src/manager.h        |   11 -
 src/mount.c          |   12 -
 src/path-lookup.c    |    2 
 src/service.c        |   68 +++++++--
 src/service.h        |    3 
 src/socket.c         |   73 ++++++++--
 src/socket.h         |    5 
 src/swap.c           |    6 
 src/systemctl.c      |    9 -
 src/test-engine.c    |    2 
 src/unit.c           |    5 
 src/unit.h           |    2 
 42 files changed, 519 insertions(+), 257 deletions(-)

New commits:
commit 6cf6bbc2682c6df010d64ea7e49d93affa7282cd
Author: Lennart Poettering <lennart at poettering.net>
Date:   Sat Jun 19 04:25:28 2010 +0200

    socket: enforce limit on number of concurrent connections

diff --git a/fixme b/fixme
index 15e3ef6..a366ea8 100644
--- a/fixme
+++ b/fixme
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 * calendar time support in timer
 
-* enforce max number of concurrent connection limit in sockets.
-
 * complete dbus exposure
 
 * make conf parser work more like .desktop parsers
@@ -51,11 +49,13 @@
 
 * follow property change dbus spec
 
+* make systemd bus activatable (?)
+
 * pam module
 
 * selinux
 
-* make systemd bus activatable
+External:
 
 * systemd-sysvinit as package
 
@@ -63,8 +63,6 @@
 
   if [ $PPID -ne 1 && mountpoint /cgroup/systemd ] ; then echo "You suck!" ; fi
 
-* remove MANAGER_SYSTEM
-
 Regularly:
 
 * look for close() vs. close_nointr() vs. close_nointr_nofail()
diff --git a/src/load-fragment.c b/src/load-fragment.c
index d6a35f7..b7bb4d7 100644
--- a/src/load-fragment.c
+++ b/src/load-fragment.c
@@ -1516,6 +1516,7 @@ static int load_from_path(Unit *u, const char *path) {
                 { "SocketMode",             config_parse_mode,            &u->socket.socket_mode,                          "Socket"  },
                 { "KillMode",               config_parse_kill_mode,       &u->socket.kill_mode,                            "Socket"  },
                 { "Accept",                 config_parse_bool,            &u->socket.accept,                               "Socket"  },
+                { "MaxConnections",         config_parse_unsigned,        &u->socket.max_connections,                      "Socket"  },
                 EXEC_CONTEXT_CONFIG_ITEMS(u->socket.exec_context, "Socket"),
 
                 { "What",                   config_parse_string,          &u->mount.parameters_fragment.what,              "Mount"   },
diff --git a/src/mount.c b/src/mount.c
index c95581f..5c16f86 100644
--- a/src/mount.c
+++ b/src/mount.c
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ static void mount_enter_unmounting(Mount *m, bool success) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run umount exectuable: %s", UNIT(m)->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run 'umount' task: %s", UNIT(m)->meta.id, strerror(-r));
         mount_enter_mounted(m, false);
 }
 
@@ -688,7 +688,7 @@ static void mount_enter_mounting(Mount *m) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run mount exectuable: %s", UNIT(m)->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run 'mount' task: %s", UNIT(m)->meta.id, strerror(-r));
         mount_enter_dead(m, false);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/service.c b/src/service.c
index b8687b7..4375cb5 100644
--- a/src/service.c
+++ b/src/service.c
@@ -157,6 +157,16 @@ static void service_close_socket_fd(Service *s) {
         s->socket_fd = -1;
 }
 
+static void service_connection_unref(Service *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        if (!s->socket)
+                return;
+
+        socket_connection_unref(s->socket);
+        s->socket = NULL;
+}
+
 static void service_done(Unit *u) {
         Service *s = SERVICE(u);
 
@@ -190,6 +200,7 @@ static void service_done(Unit *u) {
         }
 
         service_close_socket_fd(s);
+        service_connection_unref(s);
 
         unit_unwatch_timer(u, &s->timer_watch);
 }
@@ -800,6 +811,11 @@ static int service_verify(Service *s) {
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
+        if (s->exec_command[SERVICE_EXEC_START]->command_next) {
+                log_error("%s has more than one ExecStart setting. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->meta.id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
         if (s->type == SERVICE_DBUS && !s->bus_name) {
                 log_error("%s is of type D-Bus but no D-Bus service name has been specified. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->meta.id);
                 return -EINVAL;
@@ -993,6 +1009,9 @@ static int service_get_sockets(Service *s, Set **_set) {
         assert(s);
         assert(_set);
 
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
         /* Collects all Socket objects that belong to this
          * service. Note that a service might have multiple sockets
          * via multiple names. */
@@ -1038,6 +1057,9 @@ static int service_notify_sockets_dead(Service *s) {
 
         assert(s);
 
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
         /* Notifies all our sockets when we die */
         if ((r = service_get_sockets(s, &set)) < 0)
                 return r;
@@ -1107,8 +1129,19 @@ static void service_set_state(Service *s, ServiceState state) {
 
         if (state != SERVICE_START_PRE &&
             state != SERVICE_START &&
-            !(state == SERVICE_DEAD && UNIT(s)->meta.job))
+            state != SERVICE_START_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_RUNNING &&
+            state != SERVICE_RELOAD &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_SIGKILL &&
+            state != SERVICE_STOP_POST &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM &&
+            state != SERVICE_FINAL_SIGKILL &&
+            !(state == SERVICE_DEAD && UNIT(s)->meta.job)) {
                 service_close_socket_fd(s);
+                service_connection_unref(s);
+        }
 
         if (old_state != state)
                 log_debug("%s changed %s -> %s", UNIT(s)->meta.id, service_state_to_string(old_state), service_state_to_string(state));
@@ -1194,6 +1227,9 @@ static int service_collect_fds(Service *s, int **fds, unsigned *n_fds) {
         assert(fds);
         assert(n_fds);
 
+        if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
+                return 0;
+
         if ((r = service_get_sockets(s, &set)) < 0)
                 return r;
 
@@ -1255,7 +1291,7 @@ static int service_spawn(
 
         pid_t pid;
         int r;
-        int *fds = NULL;
+        int *fds = NULL, *fdsbuf = NULL;
         unsigned n_fds = 0;
         char **argv = NULL, **env = NULL;
 
@@ -1263,12 +1299,20 @@ static int service_spawn(
         assert(c);
         assert(_pid);
 
-        if (pass_fds) {
+        if (pass_fds ||
+            s->exec_context.std_input == EXEC_INPUT_SOCKET ||
+            s->exec_context.std_output == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET ||
+            s->exec_context.std_error == EXEC_OUTPUT_SOCKET) {
+
                 if (s->socket_fd >= 0) {
                         fds = &s->socket_fd;
                         n_fds = 1;
-                } else if ((r = service_collect_fds(s, &fds, &n_fds)) < 0)
-                        goto fail;
+                } else {
+                        if ((r = service_collect_fds(s, &fdsbuf, &n_fds)) < 0)
+                                goto fail;
+
+                        fds = fdsbuf;
+                }
         }
 
         if (timeout && s->timeout_usec) {
@@ -1321,12 +1365,8 @@ static int service_spawn(
         if (r < 0)
                 goto fail;
 
-        if (fds) {
-                if (s->socket_fd >= 0)
-                        service_close_socket_fd(s);
-                else
-                        free(fds);
-        }
+        if (fdsbuf)
+                free(fdsbuf);
 
         if ((r = unit_watch_pid(UNIT(s), pid)) < 0)
                 /* FIXME: we need to do something here */
@@ -1756,7 +1796,7 @@ static void service_run_next(Service *s, bool success) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run spawn next task: %s", UNIT(s)->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run next task: %s", UNIT(s)->meta.id, strerror(-r));
 
         if (s->state == SERVICE_START_PRE)
                 service_enter_signal(s, SERVICE_FINAL_SIGTERM, false);
@@ -2524,7 +2564,7 @@ static void service_bus_query_pid_done(
                 service_set_main_pid(s, pid);
 }
 
-int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd) {
+int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, Socket *sock) {
         assert(s);
         assert(fd >= 0);
 
@@ -2543,6 +2583,8 @@ int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd) {
 
         s->socket_fd = fd;
         s->got_socket_fd = true;
+        s->socket = sock;
+
         return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/service.h b/src/service.h
index 7b85771..6c1612d 100644
--- a/src/service.h
+++ b/src/service.h
@@ -137,13 +137,14 @@ struct Service {
         RateLimit ratelimit;
 
         int socket_fd;
+        struct Socket *socket;
 
         Watch timer_watch;
 };
 
 extern const UnitVTable service_vtable;
 
-int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd);
+int service_set_socket_fd(Service *s, int fd, struct Socket *socket);
 
 const char* service_state_to_string(ServiceState i);
 ServiceState service_state_from_string(const char *s);
diff --git a/src/socket.c b/src/socket.c
index 874cc91..fdb6f66 100644
--- a/src/socket.c
+++ b/src/socket.c
@@ -63,6 +63,8 @@ static void socket_init(Unit *u) {
         s->directory_mode = 0755;
         s->socket_mode = 0666;
 
+        s->max_connections = 64;
+
         exec_context_init(&s->exec_context);
 
         s->control_command_id = _SOCKET_EXEC_COMMAND_INVALID;
@@ -81,6 +83,7 @@ static void socket_unwatch_control_pid(Socket *s) {
 static void socket_done(Unit *u) {
         Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
         SocketPort *p;
+        Meta *i;
 
         assert(s);
 
@@ -108,6 +111,14 @@ static void socket_done(Unit *u) {
         s->bind_to_device = NULL;
 
         unit_unwatch_timer(u, &s->timer_watch);
+
+        /* Make sure no service instance refers to us anymore. */
+        LIST_FOREACH(units_per_type, i, u->meta.manager->units_per_type[UNIT_SERVICE]) {
+                Service *service = (Service *) i;
+
+                if (service->socket == s)
+                        service->socket = NULL;
+        }
 }
 
 static bool have_non_accept_socket(Socket *s) {
@@ -141,6 +152,11 @@ static int socket_verify(Socket *s) {
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
 
+        if (s->accept && s->max_connections <= 0) {
+                log_error("%s's MaxConnection setting too small. Refusing.", UNIT(s)->meta.id);
+                return -EINVAL;
+        }
+
         return 0;
 }
 
@@ -307,8 +323,12 @@ static void socket_dump(Unit *u, FILE *f, const char *prefix) {
 
         if (s->accept)
                 fprintf(f,
-                        "%sAccepted: %u\n",
-                        prefix, s->n_accepted);
+                        "%sAccepted: %u\n"
+                        "%sNConnections: %u\n"
+                        "%sMaxConnections: %u\n",
+                        prefix, s->n_accepted,
+                        prefix, s->n_connections,
+                        prefix, s->max_connections);
 
         LIST_FOREACH(port, p, s->ports) {
 
@@ -734,7 +754,7 @@ static void socket_enter_stop_post(Socket *s, bool success) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run stop-post executable: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run 'stop-post' task: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
         socket_enter_signal(s, SOCKET_FINAL_SIGTERM, false);
 }
 
@@ -809,7 +829,7 @@ static void socket_enter_stop_pre(Socket *s, bool success) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run stop-pre executable: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run 'stop-pre' task: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
         socket_enter_stop_post(s, false);
 }
 
@@ -844,7 +864,7 @@ static void socket_enter_start_post(Socket *s) {
 
         if ((s->control_command = s->exec_command[SOCKET_EXEC_START_POST])) {
                 if ((r = socket_spawn(s, s->control_command, &s->control_pid)) < 0) {
-                        log_warning("%s failed to run start-post executable: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+                        log_warning("%s failed to run 'start-post' task: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
                         goto fail;
                 }
 
@@ -877,7 +897,7 @@ static void socket_enter_start_pre(Socket *s) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run start-pre exectuable: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run 'start-pre' task: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
         socket_enter_dead(s, false);
 }
 
@@ -895,6 +915,12 @@ static void socket_enter_running(Socket *s, int cfd) {
                 Unit *u;
                 char *prefix, *instance, *name;
 
+                if (s->n_connections >= s->max_connections) {
+                        log_warning("Too many incoming connections (%u)", s->n_connections);
+                        close_nointr_nofail(cfd);
+                        return;
+                }
+
                 if ((r = instance_from_socket(cfd, s->n_accepted++, &instance)) < 0)
                         goto fail;
 
@@ -919,11 +945,13 @@ static void socket_enter_running(Socket *s, int cfd) {
                 if (r < 0)
                         goto fail;
 
-                if ((r = service_set_socket_fd(SERVICE(u), cfd)) < 0)
+                if ((r = service_set_socket_fd(SERVICE(u), cfd, s)) < 0)
                         goto fail;
 
                 cfd = -1;
 
+                s->n_connections ++;
+
                 if ((r = manager_add_job(u->meta.manager, JOB_START, u, JOB_REPLACE, true, NULL)) < 0)
                         goto fail;
         }
@@ -958,7 +986,7 @@ static void socket_run_next(Socket *s, bool success) {
         return;
 
 fail:
-        log_warning("%s failed to run spawn next executable: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
+        log_warning("%s failed to run next task: %s", s->meta.id, strerror(-r));
 
         if (s->state == SOCKET_START_POST)
                 socket_enter_stop_pre(s, false);
@@ -1181,6 +1209,14 @@ static const char *socket_sub_state_to_string(Unit *u) {
         return socket_state_to_string(SOCKET(u)->state);
 }
 
+static bool socket_check_gc(Unit *u) {
+        Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
+
+        assert(u);
+
+        return s->n_connections > 0;
+}
+
 static void socket_fd_event(Unit *u, int fd, uint32_t events, Watch *w) {
         Socket *s = SOCKET(u);
         int cfd = -1;
@@ -1375,7 +1411,10 @@ int socket_collect_fds(Socket *s, int **fds, unsigned *n_fds) {
 void socket_notify_service_dead(Socket *s) {
         assert(s);
 
-        /* The service is dead. Dang. */
+        /* The service is dead. Dang!
+         *
+         * This is strictly for one-instance-for-all-connections
+         * services. */
 
         if (s->state == SOCKET_RUNNING) {
                 log_debug("%s got notified about service death.", s->meta.id);
@@ -1383,6 +1422,20 @@ void socket_notify_service_dead(Socket *s) {
         }
 }
 
+void socket_connection_unref(Socket *s) {
+        assert(s);
+
+        /* The service is dead. Yay!
+         *
+         * This is strictly for one-onstance-per-connection
+         * services. */
+
+        assert(s->n_connections > 0);
+        s->n_connections--;
+
+        log_debug("%s: One connection closed, %u left.", s->meta.id, s->n_connections);
+}
+
 static const char* const socket_state_table[_SOCKET_STATE_MAX] = {
         [SOCKET_DEAD] = "dead",
         [SOCKET_START_PRE] = "start-pre",
@@ -1429,6 +1482,8 @@ const UnitVTable socket_vtable = {
         .active_state = socket_active_state,
         .sub_state_to_string = socket_sub_state_to_string,
 
+        .check_gc = socket_check_gc,
+
         .fd_event = socket_fd_event,
         .sigchld_event = socket_sigchld_event,
         .timer_event = socket_timer_event,
diff --git a/src/socket.h b/src/socket.h
index 5a2cd06..31b3870 100644
--- a/src/socket.h
+++ b/src/socket.h
@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ struct Socket {
 
         bool accept;
         unsigned n_accepted;
+        unsigned n_connections;
+        unsigned max_connections;
 
         bool failure;
         Watch timer_watch;
@@ -118,6 +120,9 @@ void socket_notify_service_dead(Socket *s);
  * any of the sockets of this socket */
 int socket_add_one_mount_link(Socket *s, Mount *m);
 
+/* Called from the service code when a per-connection service ended */
+void socket_connection_unref(Socket *s);
+
 extern const UnitVTable socket_vtable;
 
 const char* socket_state_to_string(SocketState i);
commit a3d4e06dfa234bf2a9398c8e534b705b68aa50a1
Author: Lennart Poettering <lennart at poettering.net>
Date:   Sat Jun 19 03:15:59 2010 +0200

    manager: get rid of destinction between running_as=system and running_as=init, as there is little value in it and we cannot really test this

diff --git a/src/dbus-manager.c b/src/dbus-manager.c
index 7818257..b3e42fc 100644
--- a/src/dbus-manager.c
+++ b/src/dbus-manager.c
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection,
 
         } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Exit")) {
 
-                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT)
+                if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                         return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -ENOTSUP);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
diff --git a/src/dbus.c b/src/dbus.c
index a34c7dc..74b1c37 100644
--- a/src/dbus.c
+++ b/src/dbus.c
@@ -761,7 +761,7 @@ static int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
         if (m->system_bus)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION && m->api_bus)
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && m->api_bus)
                 m->system_bus = m->api_bus;
         else {
                 if (!(m->system_bus = dbus_bus_get_private(DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error))) {
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@ static int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
         if (m->api_bus)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION && m->system_bus)
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && m->system_bus)
                 m->api_bus = m->system_bus;
         else {
                 if (!(m->api_bus = dbus_bus_get_private(m->running_as == MANAGER_SESSION ? DBUS_BUS_SESSION : DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error))) {
@@ -914,7 +914,7 @@ static int bus_init_private(Manager *m) {
                 return 0;
 
         /* We want the private bus only when running as init */
-        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_INIT)
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 return 0;
 
         if (!(m->private_bus = dbus_server_listen("unix:abstract=/org/freedesktop/systemd1/private", &error))) {
@@ -1348,11 +1348,11 @@ int bus_broadcast(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message) {
         assert(message);
 
         SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, i)
-                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                         oom = !dbus_connection_send(c, message, NULL);
 
         SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections, i)
-                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                         oom = !dbus_connection_send(c, message, NULL);
 
         return oom ? -ENOMEM : 0;
diff --git a/src/install.c b/src/install.c
index e30f623..e59e108 100644
--- a/src/install.c
+++ b/src/install.c
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-        if ((r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, arg_where == WHERE_SYSTEM ? MANAGER_INIT : MANAGER_SESSION)) < 0) {
+        if ((r = lookup_paths_init(&paths, arg_where == WHERE_SYSTEM ? MANAGER_SYSTEM : MANAGER_SESSION)) < 0) {
                 log_error("Failed to determine lookup paths: %s", strerror(-r));
                 goto finish;
         }
diff --git a/src/main.c b/src/main.c
index 21b4174..f00d43a 100644
--- a/src/main.c
+++ b/src/main.c
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ static int parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
          * ignore and unconditionally read from
          * /proc/cmdline. However, we need to ignore those arguments
          * here. */
-        if (running_as != MANAGER_INIT && optind < argc) {
+        if (running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM && optind < argc) {
                 log_error("Excess arguments.");
                 return -EINVAL;
         }
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ static int help(void) {
                "Starts up and maintains the system or a session.\n\n"
                "  -h --help                      Show this help\n"
                "     --unit=UNIT                 Set default unit\n"
-               "     --running-as=AS             Set running as (init, system, session)\n"
+               "     --running-as=AS             Set running as (system, session)\n"
                "     --test                      Determine startup sequence, dump it and exit\n"
                "     --dump-configuration-items  Dump understood unit configuration items\n"
                "     --confirm-spawn             Ask for confirmation when spawning processes\n"
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         log_set_max_level(LOG_DEBUG);
 
         if (getpid() == 1) {
-                running_as = MANAGER_INIT;
+                running_as = MANAGER_SYSTEM;
                 log_set_target(LOG_TARGET_SYSLOG_OR_KMSG);
         } else {
                 running_as = MANAGER_SESSION;
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         /* If we are init, we can block sigkill. Yay. */
         ignore_signals(SIGNALS_IGNORE, -1);
 
-        if (running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 if (parse_proc_cmdline() < 0)
                         goto finish;
 
@@ -690,12 +690,12 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         /* Set up PATH unless it is already set */
         setenv("PATH",
                "/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin",
-               running_as == MANAGER_INIT);
+               running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM);
 
         /* Move out of the way, so that we won't block unmounts */
         assert_se(chdir("/")  == 0);
 
-        if (running_as != MANAGER_SESSION) {
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                 /* Become a session leader if we aren't one yet. */
                 setsid();
 
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         /* Reset the console, but only if this is really init and we
          * are freshly booted */
-        if (running_as != MANAGER_SESSION && action == ACTION_RUN) {
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM && action == ACTION_RUN) {
                 console_setup(getpid() == 1 && !serialization);
                 make_null_stdio();
         }
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         log_debug("systemd running in %s mode.", manager_running_as_to_string(running_as));
 
-        if (running_as == MANAGER_INIT) {
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                 kmod_setup();
                 hostname_setup();
                 loopback_setup();
diff --git a/src/manager.c b/src/manager.c
index 456241f..e211eca 100644
--- a/src/manager.c
+++ b/src/manager.c
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ static int manager_setup_signals(Manager *m) {
         if (epoll_ctl(m->epoll_fd, EPOLL_CTL_ADD, m->signal_watch.fd, &ev) < 0)
                 return -errno;
 
-        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT)
+        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 return enable_special_signals(m);
 
         return 0;
@@ -1780,7 +1780,7 @@ static int manager_process_signal_fd(Manager *m) {
                         break;
 
                 case SIGTERM:
-                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT) {
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                                 /* This is for compatibility with the
                                  * original sysvinit */
                                 m->exit_code = MANAGER_REEXECUTE;
@@ -1790,7 +1790,7 @@ static int manager_process_signal_fd(Manager *m) {
                         /* Fall through */
 
                 case SIGINT:
-                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT) {
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                                 manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_CTRL_ALT_DEL_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
                                 break;
                         }
@@ -1804,14 +1804,14 @@ static int manager_process_signal_fd(Manager *m) {
                         break;
 
                 case SIGWINCH:
-                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT)
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                                 manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_KBREQUEST_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
 
                         /* This is a nop on non-init */
                         break;
 
                 case SIGPWR:
-                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT)
+                        if (m->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                                 manager_start_target(m, SPECIAL_SIGPWR_TARGET, JOB_REPLACE);
 
                         /* This is a nop on non-init */
@@ -2105,7 +2105,7 @@ void manager_write_utmp_reboot(Manager *m) {
         if (m->utmp_reboot_written)
                 return;
 
-        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_INIT)
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 return;
 
         if (!manager_utmp_good(m))
@@ -2131,7 +2131,7 @@ void manager_write_utmp_runlevel(Manager *m, Unit *u) {
         if (u->meta.type != UNIT_TARGET)
                 return;
 
-        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_INIT)
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 return;
 
         if (!manager_utmp_good(m))
@@ -2337,7 +2337,6 @@ finish:
 }
 
 static const char* const manager_running_as_table[_MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_MAX] = {
-        [MANAGER_INIT] = "init",
         [MANAGER_SYSTEM] = "system",
         [MANAGER_SESSION] = "session"
 };
diff --git a/src/manager.h b/src/manager.h
index 2a04bc7..6e74773 100644
--- a/src/manager.h
+++ b/src/manager.h
@@ -46,9 +46,8 @@ typedef enum ManagerExitCode {
 } ManagerExitCode;
 
 typedef enum ManagerRunningAs {
-        MANAGER_INIT,      /* root and pid=1 */
-        MANAGER_SYSTEM,    /* root and pid!=1 */
-        MANAGER_SESSION,   /* non-root, for a session */
+        MANAGER_SYSTEM,
+        MANAGER_SESSION,
         _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_MAX,
         _MANAGER_RUNNING_AS_INVALID = -1
 } ManagerRunningAs;
diff --git a/src/mount.c b/src/mount.c
index 94f1929..c95581f 100644
--- a/src/mount.c
+++ b/src/mount.c
@@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ static int mount_add_target_links(Mount *m) {
         if ((r = manager_load_unit(UNIT(m)->meta.manager, target, NULL, &tu)) < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (automount && m->meta.manager->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION) {
+        if (automount && m->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                 Unit *am;
 
                 if ((r = unit_load_related_unit(UNIT(m), ".automount", &am)) < 0)
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ static int mount_add_target_links(Mount *m) {
         } else {
 
                 if (!noauto && handle)
-                        if (user || m->meta.manager->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+                        if (user || m->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                                 if ((r = unit_add_dependency(tu, UNIT_WANTS, UNIT(m), true)) < 0)
                                         return r;
 
@@ -341,9 +341,7 @@ static int mount_load(Unit *u) {
                         what = m->parameters_proc_self_mountinfo.what;
 
                 if (what)
-                        if ((r = unit_add_node_link(u, what,
-                                                    (u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_INIT ||
-                                                     u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM))) < 0)
+                        if ((r = unit_add_node_link(u, what, u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)) < 0)
                                 return r;
 
                 if ((r = mount_add_mount_links(m)) < 0)
diff --git a/src/path-lookup.c b/src/path-lookup.c
index 093e04d..4160d55 100644
--- a/src/path-lookup.c
+++ b/src/path-lookup.c
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ int lookup_paths_init(LookupPaths *p, ManagerRunningAs running_as) {
                                 return -ENOMEM;
         }
 
-        if (running_as == MANAGER_INIT) {
+        if (running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM) {
                 /* /etc/init.d/ compatibility does not matter to users */
 
                 if ((e = getenv("SYSTEMD_SYSVINIT_PATH")))
diff --git a/src/swap.c b/src/swap.c
index 5b3073b..501a1d9 100644
--- a/src/swap.c
+++ b/src/swap.c
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ static int swap_add_target_links(Swap *s) {
         if ((r = manager_load_unit(s->meta.manager, SPECIAL_SWAP_TARGET, NULL, &tu)) < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (!p->noauto && p->handle && s->meta.manager->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+        if (!p->noauto && p->handle && s->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 if ((r = unit_add_dependency(tu, UNIT_WANTS, UNIT(s), true)) < 0)
                         return r;
 
@@ -180,9 +180,7 @@ static int swap_load(Unit *u) {
                         if ((r = unit_set_description(u, s->what)) < 0)
                                 return r;
 
-                if ((r = unit_add_node_link(u, s->what,
-                                            (u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_INIT ||
-                                             u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM))) < 0)
+                if ((r = unit_add_node_link(u, s->what, u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)) < 0)
                         return r;
 
                 if ((r = swap_add_mount_links(s)) < 0)
diff --git a/src/test-engine.c b/src/test-engine.c
index eb17f58..60c6aa2 100644
--- a/src/test-engine.c
+++ b/src/test-engine.c
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 
         assert_se(set_unit_path("test2") >= 0);
 
-        assert_se(manager_new(MANAGER_INIT, false, &m) >= 0);
+        assert_se(manager_new(MANAGER_SYSTEM, false, &m) >= 0);
 
         printf("Load1:\n");
         assert_se(manager_load_unit(m, "a.service", NULL, &a) >= 0);
diff --git a/src/unit.c b/src/unit.c
index c12c2a7..c546035 100644
--- a/src/unit.c
+++ b/src/unit.c
@@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ int unit_add_exec_dependencies(Unit *u, ExecContext *c) {
         if ((r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_AFTER, SPECIAL_LOGGER_SOCKET, NULL, true)) < 0)
                 return r;
 
-        if (u->meta.manager->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+        if (u->meta.manager->running_as == MANAGER_SYSTEM)
                 if ((r = unit_add_dependency_by_name(u, UNIT_REQUIRES, SPECIAL_LOGGER_SOCKET, NULL, true)) < 0)
                         return r;
 
commit 5e8d1c9a9f15b7453474dc4879bdb4021c3f50a1
Author: Lennart Poettering <lennart at poettering.net>
Date:   Sat Jun 19 03:04:04 2010 +0200

    dbus: to make sure that systemd stays controllable during early bootup, register our services on our own micro usb server in addition to the bus

diff --git a/fixme b/fixme
index b5b8e63..15e3ef6 100644
--- a/fixme
+++ b/fixme
@@ -59,12 +59,12 @@
 
 * systemd-sysvinit as package
 
-* abstract namespace dbus socket
-
 * patch /etc/init.d/functions with:
 
   if [ $PPID -ne 1 && mountpoint /cgroup/systemd ] ; then echo "You suck!" ; fi
 
+* remove MANAGER_SYSTEM
+
 Regularly:
 
 * look for close() vs. close_nointr() vs. close_nointr_nofail()
diff --git a/src/dbus-automount.c b/src/dbus-automount.c
index 285f666..61732f9 100644
--- a/src/dbus-automount.c
+++ b/src/dbus-automount.c
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@
 
 const char bus_automount_interface[] = BUS_AUTOMOUNT_INTERFACE;
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_automount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_automount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Automount", "Where", bus_property_append_string, "s", u->automount.where },
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-automount.h b/src/dbus-automount.h
index 5e0ee51..77c887e 100644
--- a/src/dbus-automount.h
+++ b/src/dbus-automount.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_automount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_automount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_automount_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-device.c b/src/dbus-device.c
index 0610ab8..168c8c8 100644
--- a/src/dbus-device.c
+++ b/src/dbus-device.c
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@
 
 const char bus_device_interface[] = BUS_DEVICE_INTERFACE;
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_device_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_device_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Device", "SysFSPath", bus_property_append_string, "s", u->device.sysfs },
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-device.h b/src/dbus-device.h
index 55bb8f5..dc717f1 100644
--- a/src/dbus-device.h
+++ b/src/dbus-device.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_device_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_device_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_device_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-job.c b/src/dbus-job.c
index 7346252..48b1588 100644
--- a/src/dbus-job.c
+++ b/src/dbus-job.c
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ static int bus_job_append_unit(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *prope
         return 0;
 }
 
-static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_dispatch(Job *j, DBusMessage *message) {
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_dispatch(Job *j, DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", "Id",      bus_property_append_uint32, "u",    &j->id    },
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", "State",   bus_job_append_state,       "s",    &j->state },
@@ -88,7 +88,6 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_dispatch(Job *j, DBusMessage *message)
         };
 
         DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
-        Manager *m = j->manager;
 
         if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Job", "Cancel")) {
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
@@ -97,10 +96,10 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_dispatch(Job *j, DBusMessage *message)
                 job_free(j);
 
         } else
-                return bus_default_message_handler(j->manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+                return bus_default_message_handler(j->manager, connection, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 
         if (reply) {
-                if (!dbus_connection_send(m->api_bus, reply, NULL))
+                if (!dbus_connection_send(connection, reply, NULL))
                         goto oom;
 
                 dbus_message_unref(reply);
@@ -115,7 +114,7 @@ oom:
         return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
 }
 
-static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection, DBusMessage  *message, void *data) {
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage  *message, void *data) {
         Manager *m = data;
         Job *j;
         int r;
@@ -137,10 +136,10 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_job_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection, DB
                 if (r == -ENOENT)
                         return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
 
-                return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
         }
 
-        return bus_job_message_dispatch(j, message);
+        return bus_job_message_dispatch(j, connection, message);
 }
 
 const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_job_vtable = {
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ void bus_job_send_change_signal(Job *j) {
                         goto oom;
         }
 
-        if (!dbus_connection_send(j->manager->api_bus, m, NULL))
+        if (bus_broadcast(j->manager, m) < 0)
                 goto oom;
 
         free(p);
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ void bus_job_send_removed_signal(Job *j, bool success) {
                                       DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
                 goto oom;
 
-        if (!dbus_connection_send(j->manager->api_bus, m, NULL))
+        if (bus_broadcast(j->manager, m) < 0)
                 goto oom;
 
         free(p);
diff --git a/src/dbus-manager.c b/src/dbus-manager.c
index d4c9e8f..7818257 100644
--- a/src/dbus-manager.c
+++ b/src/dbus-manager.c
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ static int bus_manager_append_n_jobs(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char
         return 0;
 }
 
-static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
         Manager *m = data;
 
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
@@ -226,10 +226,10 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                                     &error,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if (!(u = manager_get_unit(m, name)))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -ENOENT);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -ENOENT);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -252,10 +252,10 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                                     &error,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if ((r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, &u)) < 0)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -286,10 +286,10 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                                     &error,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_UINT32, &id,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if (!(j = manager_get_job(m, id)))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -ENOENT);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -ENOENT);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                 r = set_put(m->subscribed, client);
 
                 if (r < 0)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                 char *client;
 
                 if (!(client = set_remove(m->subscribed, (char*) dbus_message_get_sender(message))))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -ENOENT);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -ENOENT);
 
                 free(client);
 
@@ -504,13 +504,13 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_BOOLEAN, &cleanup,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if (name && name[0] == 0)
                         name = NULL;
 
                 if ((r = snapshot_create(m, name, cleanup, &s)) < 0)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -609,7 +609,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
         } else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Manager", "Exit")) {
 
                 if (m->running_as == MANAGER_INIT)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -ENOTSUP);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -ENOTSUP);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                         if (r == -ENOMEM)
                                 goto oom;
 
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
                 }
 
                 e = strv_env_merge(2, m->environment, l);
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                         if (r == -ENOMEM)
                                 goto oom;
 
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
                 }
 
                 e = strv_env_delete(m->environment, 1, l);
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                 m->environment = e;
 
         } else
-                return bus_default_message_handler(m, message, NULL, properties);
+                return bus_default_message_handler(m, connection, message, NULL, properties);
 
 
         if (job_type != _JOB_TYPE_INVALID) {
@@ -678,19 +678,19 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_manager_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection
                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &name,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &smode,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if ((mode = job_mode_from_string(smode)) == _JOB_MODE_INVALID)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
 
                 if ((r = manager_load_unit(m, name, NULL, &u)) < 0)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
 
                 if (job_type == JOB_START && u->meta.only_by_dependency)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -EPERM);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -EPERM);
 
                 if ((r = manager_add_job(m, job_type, u, mode, true, &j)) < 0)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
diff --git a/src/dbus-mount.c b/src/dbus-mount.c
index cccfa60..0f417e7 100644
--- a/src/dbus-mount.c
+++ b/src/dbus-mount.c
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ static int bus_mount_append_type(Manager *n, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *pro
         return 0;
 }
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Mount", "Where",       bus_property_append_string, "s", u->mount.where         },
@@ -135,5 +135,5 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-mount.h b/src/dbus-mount.h
index 6d8d1a9..53522f7 100644
--- a/src/dbus-mount.h
+++ b/src/dbus-mount.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_mount_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_mount_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-path.c b/src/dbus-path.c
index ed1dc26..7589f5b 100644
--- a/src/dbus-path.c
+++ b/src/dbus-path.c
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@
 
 const char bus_path_interface[] = BUS_PATH_INTERFACE;
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_path_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_path_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Path", "Unit", bus_property_append_string, "s", &u->path.unit->meta.id },
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-path.h b/src/dbus-path.h
index 15f5869..261d845 100644
--- a/src/dbus-path.h
+++ b/src/dbus-path.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_path_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_path_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_path_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-service.c b/src/dbus-service.c
index f70a772..283932c 100644
--- a/src/dbus-service.c
+++ b/src/dbus-service.c
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ const char bus_service_interface[] = BUS_SERVICE_INTERFACE;
 static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_type, service_type, ServiceType);
 static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_service_append_restart, service_restart, ServiceRestart);
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Service", "Type",                   bus_service_append_type,    "s", &u->service.type },
@@ -81,5 +81,5 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, connection, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-service.h b/src/dbus-service.h
index ab1e02f..cfbdab3 100644
--- a/src/dbus-service.h
+++ b/src/dbus-service.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_service_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_service_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-snapshot.c b/src/dbus-snapshot.c
index 15e51f0..5ba5d7c 100644
--- a/src/dbus-snapshot.c
+++ b/src/dbus-snapshot.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
 
 const char bus_snapshot_interface[] = BUS_SNAPSHOT_INTERFACE;
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Snapshot", "Cleanup", bus_property_append_bool, "b", &u->snapshot.cleanup },
@@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
                         goto oom;
 
         } else
-                return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+                return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 
         if (reply) {
-                if (!dbus_connection_send(u->meta.manager->api_bus, reply, NULL))
+                if (!dbus_connection_send(c, reply, NULL))
                         goto oom;
 
                 dbus_message_unref(reply);
diff --git a/src/dbus-snapshot.h b/src/dbus-snapshot.h
index bf5a4d4..60b3720 100644
--- a/src/dbus-snapshot.h
+++ b/src/dbus-snapshot.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_snapshot_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_snapshot_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-socket.c b/src/dbus-socket.c
index 426af2b..a5474c9 100644
--- a/src/dbus-socket.c
+++ b/src/dbus-socket.c
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ const char bus_socket_interface[] = BUS_SOCKET_INTERFACE;
 
 static DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_socket_append_bind_ipv6_only, socket_address_bind_ipv6_only, SocketAddressBindIPv6Only);
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Socket", "BindIPv6Only",  bus_socket_append_bind_ipv6_only, "s", &u->socket.bind_ipv6_only },
@@ -69,5 +69,5 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-socket.h b/src/dbus-socket.h
index ab06322..79a1546 100644
--- a/src/dbus-socket.h
+++ b/src/dbus-socket.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_socket_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_socket_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-swap.c b/src/dbus-swap.c
index f6f8685..676ec5c 100644
--- a/src/dbus-swap.c
+++ b/src/dbus-swap.c
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ static int bus_swap_append_priority(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *
         return 0;
 }
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Swap", "What",     bus_property_append_string, "s", u->swap.what },
@@ -74,5 +74,5 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-swap.h b/src/dbus-swap.h
index cbd1591..a3d418c 100644
--- a/src/dbus-swap.h
+++ b/src/dbus-swap.h
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_swap_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_swap_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-target.c b/src/dbus-target.c
index 45f0d31..fb84430 100644
--- a/src/dbus-target.c
+++ b/src/dbus-target.c
@@ -37,11 +37,11 @@
 
 const char bus_target_interface[] = BUS_TARGET_INTERFACE;
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_target_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_target_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-target.h b/src/dbus-target.h
index d118441..af2dc62 100644
--- a/src/dbus-target.h
+++ b/src/dbus-target.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_target_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_target_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_target_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-timer.c b/src/dbus-timer.c
index d572907..68bd8a4 100644
--- a/src/dbus-timer.c
+++ b/src/dbus-timer.c
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@
 
 const char bus_timer_interface[] = BUS_TIMER_INTERFACE;
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_timer_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_timer_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message) {
         const BusProperty properties[] = {
                 BUS_UNIT_PROPERTIES,
                 { "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Timer", "Unit", bus_property_append_string, "s", &u->timer.unit->meta.id },
                 { NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL }
         };
 
-        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
+        return bus_default_message_handler(u->meta.manager, c, message, INTROSPECTION, properties);
 }
diff --git a/src/dbus-timer.h b/src/dbus-timer.h
index 250e818..562d449 100644
--- a/src/dbus-timer.h
+++ b/src/dbus-timer.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "unit.h"
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_timer_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_timer_message_handler(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
 extern const char bus_timer_interface[];
 
diff --git a/src/dbus-unit.c b/src/dbus-unit.c
index 8e35377..17ca7bd 100644
--- a/src/dbus-unit.c
+++ b/src/dbus-unit.c
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ int bus_unit_append_cgroups(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property
 
 DEFINE_BUS_PROPERTY_APPEND_ENUM(bus_unit_append_kill_mode, kill_mode, KillMode);
 
-static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_dispatch(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message) {
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_dispatch(Unit *u, DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message) {
         DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
         Manager *m = u->meta.manager;
         DBusError error;
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_dispatch(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message
         else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(message, "org.freedesktop.systemd1.Unit", "Restart"))
                 job_type = JOB_RESTART;
         else if (UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_message_handler)
-                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_message_handler(u, message);
+                return UNIT_VTABLE(u)->bus_message_handler(u, connection, message);
         else
                 return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
 
@@ -284,20 +284,20 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_dispatch(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message
                 int r;
 
                 if (job_type == JOB_START && u->meta.only_by_dependency)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -EPERM);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -EPERM);
 
                 if (!dbus_message_get_args(
                                     message,
                                     &error,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &smode,
                                     DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if ((mode = job_mode_from_string(smode)) == _JOB_MODE_INVALID)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, -EINVAL);
 
                 if ((r = manager_add_job(m, job_type, u, mode, true, &j)) < 0)
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_dispatch(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message
         free(path);
 
         if (reply) {
-                if (!dbus_connection_send(m->api_bus, reply, NULL))
+                if (!dbus_connection_send(connection, reply, NULL))
                         goto oom;
 
                 dbus_message_unref(reply);
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ oom:
         return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
 }
 
-static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection, DBusMessage  *message, void *data) {
+static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_handler(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage  *message, void *data) {
         Manager *m = data;
         Unit *u;
         int r;
@@ -356,10 +356,10 @@ static DBusHandlerResult bus_unit_message_handler(DBusConnection  *connection, D
                 if (r == -ENOENT)
                         return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
 
-                return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                return bus_send_error_reply(m, connection, message, NULL, r);
         }
 
-        return bus_unit_message_dispatch(u, message);
+        return bus_unit_message_dispatch(u, connection, message);
 }
 
 const DBusObjectPathVTable bus_unit_vtable = {
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ void bus_unit_send_change_signal(Unit *u) {
                         goto oom;
         }
 
-        if (!dbus_connection_send(u->meta.manager->api_bus, m, NULL))
+        if (bus_broadcast(u->meta.manager, m) < 0)
                 goto oom;
 
         free(p);
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ void bus_unit_send_removed_signal(Unit *u) {
                                       DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
                 goto oom;
 
-        if (!dbus_connection_send(u->meta.manager->api_bus, m, NULL))
+        if (bus_broadcast(u->meta.manager, m) < 0)
                 goto oom;
 
         free(p);
diff --git a/src/dbus.c b/src/dbus.c
index a4e350c..a34c7dc 100644
--- a/src/dbus.c
+++ b/src/dbus.c
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@
 #include "dbus-timer.h"
 #include "dbus-path.h"
 
+#define CONNECTIONS_MAX 52
+
 static const char bus_properties_interface[] = BUS_PROPERTIES_INTERFACE;
 static const char bus_introspectable_interface[] = BUS_INTROSPECTABLE_INTERFACE;
 
@@ -66,33 +68,24 @@ const char *const bus_interface_table[] = {
 };
 
 static const char *error_to_dbus(int error);
+static void bus_done_api(Manager *m);
+static void bus_done_system(Manager *m);
+static void bus_done_private(Manager *m);
 
-static void api_bus_dispatch_status(DBusConnection *bus, DBusDispatchStatus status, void *data)  {
-        Manager *m = data;
-
-        assert(bus);
-        assert(m);
-
-        if (!m->api_bus)
-                return;
-
-        assert(m->api_bus == bus);
-
-        m->request_api_bus_dispatch = status != DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE;
-}
-
-static void system_bus_dispatch_status(DBusConnection *bus, DBusDispatchStatus status, void *data)  {
+static void bus_dispatch_status(DBusConnection *bus, DBusDispatchStatus status, void *data)  {
         Manager *m = data;
 
         assert(bus);
         assert(m);
 
-        if (!m->system_bus)
-                return;
-
-        assert(m->system_bus == bus);
+        /* We maintain two sets, one for those connections where we
+         * requested a dispatch, and another where we didn't. And then,
+         * we move the connections between the two sets. */
 
-        m->request_system_bus_dispatch = status != DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE;
+        if (status == DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE)
+                set_move_one(m->bus_connections, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, bus);
+        else
+                set_move_one(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, m->bus_connections, bus);
 }
 
 static uint32_t bus_flags_to_events(DBusWatch *bus_watch) {
@@ -472,7 +465,30 @@ static DBusHandlerResult system_bus_message_filter(DBusConnection *connection, D
         return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
 }
 
+static DBusHandlerResult private_bus_message_filter(DBusConnection *connection, DBusMessage *message, void *data) {
+        Manager *m = data;
+
+        assert(connection);
+        assert(message);
+        assert(m);
+
+        /* log_debug("Got D-Bus request: %s.%s() on %s", */
+        /*           dbus_message_get_interface(message), */
+        /*           dbus_message_get_member(message), */
+        /*           dbus_message_get_path(message)); */
+
+        if (dbus_message_is_signal(message, DBUS_INTERFACE_LOCAL, "Disconnected")) {
+                set_remove(m->bus_connections, connection);
+                set_remove(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, connection);
+                dbus_connection_unref(connection);
+        }
+
+        return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NOT_YET_HANDLED;
+}
+
 unsigned bus_dispatch(Manager *m) {
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
         assert(m);
 
         if (m->queued_message) {
@@ -480,23 +496,17 @@ unsigned bus_dispatch(Manager *m) {
                  * dispatch any D-Bus messages, so that we won't end
                  * up wanting to queue another message. */
 
-                if (!dbus_connection_send(m->api_bus, m->queued_message, NULL))
-                        return 0;
+                if (m->api_bus)
+                        if (!dbus_connection_send(m->api_bus, m->queued_message, NULL))
+                                return 0;
 
                 dbus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
                 m->queued_message = NULL;
         }
 
-        if (m->request_api_bus_dispatch) {
-                if (dbus_connection_dispatch(m->api_bus) == DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE)
-                        m->request_api_bus_dispatch = false;
-
-                return 1;
-        }
-
-        if (m->request_system_bus_dispatch) {
-                if (dbus_connection_dispatch(m->system_bus) == DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE)
-                        m->request_system_bus_dispatch = false;
+        if ((c = set_first(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch))) {
+                if (dbus_connection_dispatch(c) == DBUS_DISPATCH_COMPLETE)
+                        set_move_one(m->bus_connections, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, c);
 
                 return 1;
         }
@@ -689,13 +699,57 @@ static int bus_setup_loop(Manager *m, DBusConnection *bus) {
         dbus_connection_set_exit_on_disconnect(bus, FALSE);
 
         if (!dbus_connection_set_watch_functions(bus, bus_add_watch, bus_remove_watch, bus_toggle_watch, m, NULL) ||
-            !dbus_connection_set_timeout_functions(bus, bus_add_timeout, bus_remove_timeout, bus_toggle_timeout, m, NULL))
+            !dbus_connection_set_timeout_functions(bus, bus_add_timeout, bus_remove_timeout, bus_toggle_timeout, m, NULL)) {
+                log_error("Not enough memory");
                 return -ENOMEM;
+        }
 
+        if (set_put(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, bus) < 0) {
+                log_error("Not enough memory");
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(bus, bus_dispatch_status, m, NULL);
         return 0;
 }
 
-int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
+static dbus_bool_t allow_only_root(DBusConnection *connection, unsigned long uid, void *data) {
+        return uid == 0;
+}
+
+static void bus_new_connection(
+                DBusServer *server,
+                DBusConnection *new_connection,
+                void *data) {
+
+        Manager *m = data;
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        if (set_size(m->bus_connections) >= CONNECTIONS_MAX) {
+                log_error("Too many concurrent connections.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        dbus_connection_set_unix_user_function(new_connection, allow_only_root, NULL, NULL);
+
+        if (bus_setup_loop(m, new_connection) < 0)
+                return;
+
+        if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(new_connection, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", &bus_manager_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_register_fallback(new_connection, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", &bus_unit_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_register_fallback(new_connection, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job", &bus_job_vtable, m) ||
+            !dbus_connection_add_filter(new_connection, private_bus_message_filter, m, NULL)) {
+                log_error("Not enough memory.");
+                return;
+        }
+
+        log_debug("Accepted connection on private bus.");
+
+        dbus_connection_ref(new_connection);
+}
+
+static int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
         DBusError error;
         char *id;
         int r;
@@ -712,22 +766,18 @@ int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
         else {
                 if (!(m->system_bus = dbus_bus_get_private(DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error))) {
                         log_debug("Failed to get system D-Bus connection, retrying later: %s", error.message);
-                        dbus_error_free(&error);
-                        return 0;
+                        r = 0;
+                        goto fail;
                 }
 
-                dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(m->system_bus, system_bus_dispatch_status, m, NULL);
-                m->request_system_bus_dispatch = true;
-
-                if ((r = bus_setup_loop(m, m->system_bus)) < 0) {
-                        bus_done_system(m);
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if ((r = bus_setup_loop(m, m->system_bus)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
         }
 
         if (!dbus_connection_add_filter(m->system_bus, system_bus_message_filter, m, NULL)) {
-                bus_done_system(m);
-                return -ENOMEM;
+                log_error("Not enough memory");
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
         }
 
         dbus_bus_add_match(m->system_bus,
@@ -739,9 +789,8 @@ int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
 
         if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
                 log_error("Failed to register match: %s", error.message);
-                dbus_error_free(&error);
-                bus_done_system(m);
-                return -ENOMEM;
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
         }
 
         log_debug("Successfully connected to system D-Bus bus %s as %s",
@@ -750,9 +799,15 @@ int bus_init_system(Manager *m) {
         dbus_free(id);
 
         return 0;
+
+fail:
+        bus_done_system(m);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return r;
 }
 
-int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
+static int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
         DBusError error;
         char *id;
         int r;
@@ -764,34 +819,26 @@ int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
         if (m->api_bus)
                 return 0;
 
-        if (m->name_data_slot < 0)
-                if (!dbus_pending_call_allocate_data_slot(&m->name_data_slot))
-                        return -ENOMEM;
-
         if (m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION && m->system_bus)
                 m->api_bus = m->system_bus;
         else {
                 if (!(m->api_bus = dbus_bus_get_private(m->running_as == MANAGER_SESSION ? DBUS_BUS_SESSION : DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error))) {
                         log_debug("Failed to get API D-Bus connection, retrying later: %s", error.message);
-                        dbus_error_free(&error);
-                        return 0;
+                        r = 0;
+                        goto fail;
                 }
 
-                dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(m->api_bus, api_bus_dispatch_status, m, NULL);
-                m->request_api_bus_dispatch = true;
-
-                if ((r = bus_setup_loop(m, m->api_bus)) < 0) {
-                        bus_done_api(m);
-                        return r;
-                }
+                if ((r = bus_setup_loop(m, m->api_bus)) < 0)
+                        goto fail;
         }
 
         if (!dbus_connection_register_object_path(m->api_bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1", &bus_manager_vtable, m) ||
             !dbus_connection_register_fallback(m->api_bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/unit", &bus_unit_vtable, m) ||
             !dbus_connection_register_fallback(m->api_bus, "/org/freedesktop/systemd1/job", &bus_job_vtable, m) ||
             !dbus_connection_add_filter(m->api_bus, api_bus_message_filter, m, NULL)) {
-                bus_done_api(m);
-                return -ENOMEM;
+                log_error("Not enough memory");
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
         }
 
         /* Get NameOwnerChange messages */
@@ -805,9 +852,8 @@ int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
 
         if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
                 log_error("Failed to register match: %s", error.message);
-                dbus_error_free(&error);
-                bus_done_api(m);
-                return -ENOMEM;
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
         }
 
         /* Get activation requests */
@@ -821,20 +867,15 @@ int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
 
         if (dbus_error_is_set(&error)) {
                 log_error("Failed to register match: %s", error.message);
-                dbus_error_free(&error);
-                bus_done_api(m);
-                return -ENOMEM;
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
         }
 
-        if ((r = request_name(m)) < 0) {
-                bus_done_api(m);
-                return r;
-        }
+        if ((r = request_name(m)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
 
-        if ((r = query_name_list(m)) < 0) {
-                bus_done_api(m);
-                return r;
-        }
+        if ((r = query_name_list(m)) < 0)
+                goto fail;
 
         log_debug("Successfully connected to API D-Bus bus %s as %s",
                   strnull((id = dbus_connection_get_server_id(m->api_bus))),
@@ -842,23 +883,106 @@ int bus_init_api(Manager *m) {
         dbus_free(id);
 
         if (!m->subscribed)
-                if (!(m->subscribed = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func)))
+                if (!(m->subscribed = set_new(string_hash_func, string_compare_func))) {
+                        log_error("Not enough memory");
+                        r = -ENOMEM;
+                        goto fail;
+                }
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        bus_done_api(m);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+static int bus_init_private(Manager *m) {
+        DBusError error;
+        int r;
+        const char *const external_only[] = {
+                "EXTERNAL",
+                NULL
+        };
+
+        assert(m);
+
+        dbus_error_init(&error);
+
+        if (m->private_bus)
+                return 0;
+
+        /* We want the private bus only when running as init */
+        if (m->running_as != MANAGER_INIT)
+                return 0;
+
+        if (!(m->private_bus = dbus_server_listen("unix:abstract=/org/freedesktop/systemd1/private", &error))) {
+                log_error("Failed to create private D-Bus server: %s", error.message);
+                r = -EIO;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (!dbus_server_set_auth_mechanisms(m->private_bus, (const char**) external_only) ||
+            !dbus_server_set_watch_functions(m->private_bus, bus_add_watch, bus_remove_watch, bus_toggle_watch, m, NULL) ||
+            !dbus_server_set_timeout_functions(m->private_bus, bus_add_timeout, bus_remove_timeout, bus_toggle_timeout, m, NULL)) {
+                log_error("Not enough memory");
+                r = -ENOMEM;
+                goto fail;
+        }
+
+        dbus_server_set_new_connection_function(m->private_bus, bus_new_connection, m, NULL);
+
+        log_debug("Successfully create private D-Bus server.");
+
+        return 0;
+
+fail:
+        bus_done_private(m);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+
+        return r;
+}
+
+int bus_init(Manager *m) {
+        int r;
+
+        if (set_ensure_allocated(&m->bus_connections, trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func) < 0 ||
+            set_ensure_allocated(&m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, trivial_hash_func, trivial_compare_func) < 0) {
+                log_error("Not enough memory");
+                return -ENOMEM;
+        }
+
+        if (m->name_data_slot < 0)
+                if (!dbus_pending_call_allocate_data_slot(&m->name_data_slot)) {
+                        log_error("Not enough memory");
                         return -ENOMEM;
+                }
+
+        if ((r = bus_init_system(m)) < 0 ||
+            (r = bus_init_api(m)) < 0 ||
+            (r = bus_init_private(m)) < 0)
+                return r;
 
         return 0;
 }
 
-void bus_done_api(Manager *m) {
+static void shutdown_connection(DBusConnection *c) {
+        dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(c, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        dbus_connection_flush(c);
+        dbus_connection_close(c);
+        dbus_connection_unref(c);
+}
+
+static void bus_done_api(Manager *m) {
         assert(m);
 
         if (m->api_bus) {
                 if (m->system_bus == m->api_bus)
                         m->system_bus = NULL;
 
-                dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(m->api_bus, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-                dbus_connection_flush(m->api_bus);
-                dbus_connection_close(m->api_bus);
-                dbus_connection_unref(m->api_bus);
+                set_remove(m->bus_connections, m->api_bus);
+                shutdown_connection(m->api_bus);
                 m->api_bus = NULL;
         }
 
@@ -872,30 +996,54 @@ void bus_done_api(Manager *m) {
                 m->subscribed = NULL;
         }
 
-       if (m->name_data_slot >= 0)
-               dbus_pending_call_free_data_slot(&m->name_data_slot);
-
        if (m->queued_message) {
                dbus_message_unref(m->queued_message);
                m->queued_message = NULL;
        }
 }
 
-void bus_done_system(Manager *m) {
+static void bus_done_system(Manager *m) {
         assert(m);
 
         if (m->system_bus == m->api_bus)
                 bus_done_api(m);
 
         if (m->system_bus) {
-                dbus_connection_set_dispatch_status_function(m->system_bus, NULL, NULL, NULL);
-                dbus_connection_flush(m->system_bus);
-                dbus_connection_close(m->system_bus);
-                dbus_connection_unref(m->system_bus);
+                set_remove(m->bus_connections, m->system_bus);
+                shutdown_connection(m->system_bus);
                 m->system_bus = NULL;
         }
 }
 
+static void bus_done_private(Manager *m) {
+
+        if (m->private_bus) {
+                dbus_server_disconnect(m->private_bus);
+                dbus_server_unref(m->private_bus);
+                m->private_bus = NULL;
+        }
+}
+
+void bus_done(Manager *m) {
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        bus_done_api(m);
+        bus_done_system(m);
+        bus_done_private(m);
+
+        while ((c = set_steal_first(m->bus_connections)))
+                shutdown_connection(c);
+
+        while ((c = set_steal_first(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch)))
+                shutdown_connection(c);
+
+        set_free(m->bus_connections);
+        set_free(m->bus_connections_for_dispatch);
+
+        if (m->name_data_slot >= 0)
+               dbus_pending_call_free_data_slot(&m->name_data_slot);
+}
+
 static void query_pid_pending_cb(DBusPendingCall *pending, void *userdata) {
         Manager *m = userdata;
         DBusMessage *reply;
@@ -992,7 +1140,7 @@ oom:
         return -ENOMEM;
 }
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message, const char*introspection, const BusProperty *properties) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message, const char*introspection, const BusProperty *properties) {
         DBusError error;
         DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
         int r;
@@ -1020,7 +1168,7 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message,
                             DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &interface,
                             DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &property,
                             DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, c, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 for (p = properties; p->property; p++)
                         if (streq(p->interface, interface) && streq(p->property, property))
@@ -1043,7 +1191,7 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message,
                                         goto oom;
 
                                 dbus_message_unref(reply);
-                                return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                                return bus_send_error_reply(m, c, message, NULL, r);
                         }
 
                         if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&iter, &sub))
@@ -1060,7 +1208,7 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message,
                             &error,
                             DBUS_TYPE_STRING, &interface,
                             DBUS_TYPE_INVALID))
-                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, &error, -EINVAL);
+                        return bus_send_error_reply(m, c, message, &error, -EINVAL);
 
                 if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(message)))
                         goto oom;
@@ -1085,7 +1233,7 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message,
                                         goto oom;
 
                                 dbus_message_unref(reply);
-                                return bus_send_error_reply(m, message, NULL, r);
+                                return bus_send_error_reply(m, c, message, NULL, r);
                         }
 
                         if (!dbus_message_iter_close_container(&sub2, &sub3) ||
@@ -1100,7 +1248,7 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message,
         }
 
         if (reply) {
-                if (!dbus_connection_send(m->api_bus, reply, NULL))
+                if (!dbus_connection_send(c, reply, NULL))
                         goto oom;
 
                 dbus_message_unref(reply);
@@ -1156,7 +1304,7 @@ static const char *error_to_dbus(int error) {
         return DBUS_ERROR_FAILED;
 }
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_send_error_reply(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message, DBusError *bus_error, int error) {
+DBusHandlerResult bus_send_error_reply(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message, DBusError *bus_error, int error) {
         DBusMessage *reply = NULL;
         const char *name, *text;
 
@@ -1171,7 +1319,7 @@ DBusHandlerResult bus_send_error_reply(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message, DBusErr
         if (!(reply = dbus_message_new_error(message, name, text)))
                 goto oom;
 
-        if (!dbus_connection_send(m->api_bus, reply, NULL))
+        if (!dbus_connection_send(c, reply, NULL))
                 goto oom;
 
         dbus_message_unref(reply);
@@ -1191,6 +1339,25 @@ oom:
         return DBUS_HANDLER_RESULT_NEED_MEMORY;
 }
 
+int bus_broadcast(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message) {
+        bool oom = false;
+        Iterator i;
+        DBusConnection *c;
+
+        assert(m);
+        assert(message);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections_for_dispatch, i)
+                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+                        oom = !dbus_connection_send(c, message, NULL);
+
+        SET_FOREACH(c, m->bus_connections, i)
+                if (c != m->system_bus || m->running_as != MANAGER_SESSION)
+                        oom = !dbus_connection_send(c, message, NULL);
+
+        return oom ? -ENOMEM : 0;
+}
+
 int bus_property_append_string(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data) {
         const char *t = data;
 
diff --git a/src/dbus.h b/src/dbus.h
index 264bdff..af837f2 100644
--- a/src/dbus.h
+++ b/src/dbus.h
@@ -56,10 +56,8 @@ typedef struct BusProperty {
         "  </method>\n"                                                 \
         " </interface>\n"
 
-int bus_init_system(Manager *m);
-int bus_init_api(Manager *m);
-void bus_done_system(Manager *m);
-void bus_done_api(Manager *m);
+int bus_init(Manager *m);
+void bus_done(Manager *m);
 
 unsigned bus_dispatch(Manager *m);
 
@@ -68,9 +66,10 @@ void bus_timeout_event(Manager *m, Watch *w, int events);
 
 int bus_query_pid(Manager *m, const char *name);
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message, const char* introspection, const BusProperty *properties);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_default_message_handler(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message, const char* introspection, const BusProperty *properties);
+DBusHandlerResult bus_send_error_reply(Manager *m, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message, DBusError *bus_error, int error);
 
-DBusHandlerResult bus_send_error_reply(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message, DBusError *bus_error, int error);
+int bus_broadcast(Manager *m, DBusMessage *message);
 
 int bus_property_append_string(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
 int bus_property_append_strv(Manager *m, DBusMessageIter *i, const char *property, void *data);
diff --git a/src/manager.c b/src/manager.c
index dee6109..456241f 100644
--- a/src/manager.c
+++ b/src/manager.c
@@ -243,8 +243,7 @@ int manager_new(ManagerRunningAs running_as, bool confirm_spawn, Manager **_m) {
                 goto fail;
 
         /* Try to connect to the busses, if possible. */
-        if ((r = bus_init_system(m)) < 0 ||
-            (r = bus_init_api(m)) < 0)
+        if ((r = bus_init(m)) < 0)
                 goto fail;
 
         if (asprintf(&p, "%s/%s", m->cgroup_mount_point, m->cgroup_hierarchy) < 0) {
@@ -424,8 +423,7 @@ void manager_free(Manager *m) {
          * around */
         manager_shutdown_cgroup(m, m->exit_code != MANAGER_REEXECUTE);
 
-        bus_done_api(m);
-        bus_done_system(m);
+        bus_done(m);
 
         hashmap_free(m->units);
         hashmap_free(m->jobs);
@@ -1826,8 +1824,7 @@ static int manager_process_signal_fd(Manager *m) {
 
                         if (!u || UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_RELOADING(unit_active_state(u))) {
                                 log_info("Trying to reconnect to bus...");
-                                bus_init_system(m);
-                                bus_init_api(m);
+                                bus_init(m);
                         }
 
                         if (!u || !UNIT_IS_ACTIVE_OR_ACTIVATING(unit_active_state(u))) {
diff --git a/src/manager.h b/src/manager.h
index 6c3434e..2a04bc7 100644
--- a/src/manager.h
+++ b/src/manager.h
@@ -154,6 +154,9 @@ struct Manager {
 
         /* Data specific to the D-Bus subsystem */
         DBusConnection *api_bus, *system_bus;
+        DBusServer *private_bus;
+        Set *bus_connections, *bus_connections_for_dispatch;
+
         Set *subscribed;
         DBusMessage *queued_message; /* This is used during reloading:
                                       * before the reload we queue the
@@ -188,9 +191,6 @@ struct Manager {
         bool dispatching_run_queue:1;
         bool dispatching_dbus_queue:1;
 
-        bool request_api_bus_dispatch:1;
-        bool request_system_bus_dispatch:1;
-
         bool utmp_reboot_written:1;
 
         bool confirm_spawn:1;
diff --git a/src/systemctl.c b/src/systemctl.c
index 444ddf3..429d6a7 100644
--- a/src/systemctl.c
+++ b/src/systemctl.c
@@ -1751,7 +1751,6 @@ static int shutdown_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         optind = argc;
 
         return 1;
-
 }
 
 static int telinit_parse_argv(int argc, char *argv[]) {
@@ -2262,7 +2261,13 @@ int main(int argc, char*argv[]) {
                 goto finish;
         }
 
-        if ((bus = dbus_bus_get(arg_session ? DBUS_BUS_SESSION : DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error)))
+        /* If we are root, then let's not go via the bus */
+        if (geteuid() == 0 && !arg_session)
+                bus = dbus_connection_open("unix:abstract=/org/freedesktop/systemd1/private", &error);
+        else
+                bus = dbus_bus_get(arg_session ? DBUS_BUS_SESSION : DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error);
+
+        if (bus)
                 dbus_connection_set_exit_on_disconnect(bus, FALSE);
 
         switch (arg_action) {
diff --git a/src/unit.c b/src/unit.c
index 327444b..c12c2a7 100644
--- a/src/unit.c
+++ b/src/unit.c
@@ -1030,8 +1030,7 @@ void unit_notify(Unit *u, UnitActiveState os, UnitActiveState ns) {
                         /* The bus just might have become available,
                          * hence try to connect to it, if we aren't
                          * yet connected. */
-                        bus_init_system(u->meta.manager);
-                        bus_init_api(u->meta.manager);
+                        bus_init(u->meta.manager);
                 }
 
                 if (unit_has_name(u, SPECIAL_SYSLOG_SERVICE))
diff --git a/src/unit.h b/src/unit.h
index 3397d47..c5be858 100644
--- a/src/unit.h
+++ b/src/unit.h
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@ struct UnitVTable {
         void (*bus_query_pid_done)(Unit *u, const char *name, pid_t pid);
 
         /* Called for each message received on the bus */
-        DBusHandlerResult (*bus_message_handler)(Unit *u, DBusMessage *message);
+        DBusHandlerResult (*bus_message_handler)(Unit *u, DBusConnection *c, DBusMessage *message);
 
         /* This is called for each unit type and should be used to
          * enumerate existing devices and load them. However,


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